ns , scient- present participle of sc
re, to know; see skei- in Indo-European roots
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science
The definition of science
What is science?
Science Definition
The word science comes from the Latin "scientia," meaning knowledge.
How do we define science? According to Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is "knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world."
What does that really mean? Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. The term science also refers to the organized body of knowledge people have gained using that system. Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from it.
What is the purpose of science? Perhaps the most general description is that the purpose of science is to produce useful models of reality.
Most scientific investigations use some form of the scientific method. You can find out more about the scientific method here.
Science as defined above is sometimes called pure science to differentiate it from applied science, which is the application of research to human needs. Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:
- Natural sciences, the study of the natural world, and
- Social sciences, the systematic study of human behavior and society.
The Different Fields of Science
This is just a partial listing of some of the many, many different possible fields of study within science. Many of the fields listed here overlap to some degree with one or more other areas.
Natural Sciences
Biology
* Anatomy
* Astrobiology
* Biochemistry
* Bioinformatics
* Biophysics
* Botany
* Cell biology
* Developmental biology
* Ecology
* Entomology
* Epidemiology
* Evolution (Evolutionary biology)
* Freshwater Biology
* Genetics
* Immunology
* Marine biology
* Microbiology
* Molecular Biology
* Morphology
* Neuroscience
* Physical anthropology
* Physiology
* Population dynamics
* Structural biology
* Taxonomy
* Toxicology
* Virology
* Zoology
Chemistry
* Analytical chemistry
* Biochemistry
* Computational chemistry
* Electrochemistry
* Inorganic chemistry
* Materials science
* Organic chemistry
* Polymer chemistry
* Physical chemistry
* Quantum chemistry
* Spectroscopy
* Stereochemistry
* Thermochemistry
Physics
* Acoustics
* Astrodynamics
* Astronomy
* Astrophysics
* Biophysics
* Classical mechanics
* Computational physics
* Condensed matter physics
* Cryogenics
* Dynamics
* Fluid dynamics
* High Energy Physics
* Materials physics
* Mechanics
* Nuclear physics
* Optics
* Particle physics
* Plasma physics
* Polymer physics
* Quantum mechanics
* Solid State physics
* Thermodynamics
Earth Science
* Environmental Science
* Geodesy
* Geography
* Geology
* Hydrology
* Meteorology
* Oceanography
* Paleontology
* Seismology
As a result, the sun appears to be above the horizon a few minutes earlier than it really is.
Therefore, on the vernal equinox day, the daylight hours are actually longer than the length of time between when the sun crosses the horizon at dawn and when the sun crosses the horizon at sunset.
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"Those factors all combine to make the day of the equinox not the day when we have 12 hours of light and darkness," Chester said.
Vernal Equinox Special Nonetheless
The length of day and night may not be equal on the vernal equinox, but that doesn't make the first day of spring any less special.
The fall and spring equinoxes, for starters, are the only two times during the year when the sun rises due east and sets due west, according to Alan MacRobert, a senior editor with Sky & Telescope magazine.
The equinoxes are also the only days of the year when a person standing on the Equator can see the sun passing directly overhead.
On the Northern Hemisphere's vernal equinox day, a person at the North Pole would see the sun skimming across the horizon, beginning six months of uninterrupted daylight.
A person at the South Pole would also see the sun skim the horizon, but it would signal the start of six months of darkness.
Pope Shuffles Vernal Equinox
Another equinox oddity: A rule of the calendar keeps spring almost always arriving on March 20 or 21—but sometimes on the 19th—MacRobert said.
In 1582 Pope Gregory XIII established the Gregorian calendar, which most of the world now observes, to account for an equinox inconvenience.
If the he hadn't established the new calendar, every 128 years the equinox would have come a full calendar day earlier—eventually putting Easter in chilly midwinter.
"It begins with the fact that there is not an exact number of days in a year," MacRobert said.
Before the pope's intervention, the Romans and much of the European world marked time on the Julian calendar.
Instituted by Julius Caesar, the old calendar counted exactly 365.25 days per year, averaged over a four-year cycle. Every four years a leap day helped keep things on track.
It turns out, however, that there are 365.24219 days in an astronomical "tropical" year—defined as the time it takes the sun, as seen from Earth, to make one complete circuit of the sky.
Using the Julian calendar, the spring and fall equinoxes and the seasons were arriving 11 minutes earlier each year. By 1500 the vernal equinox had fallen back to March 11.
To fix the problem, the pope decreed that most century years (such as 1700, 1800, and 1900) would not be leap years. But century years divisible by 400, like 2000, would be leap years.
Under the Gregorian calendar, the year is 365.2425 days long. "That gets close enough to the true fraction that the seasons don't drift," MacRobert said.
With an average duration of 365.2425 days, Gregorian years are now only 27 seconds longer than the length of the tropical year—an error which will allow the gain of one day over a period of about 3,200 years.
Nowadays, according to the U.S. Naval Observatory's Chester, equinoxes migrate through a period that occurs about six hours later from calendar year to calendar year, due to the leap year cycle.
The system resets every leap year, slipping a little bit backward until a non-leap century year leap nudges the equinoxes forward in time once again.
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